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WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Ahead of President Donald Trump's election in the U.S., slightly more than one in four Americans (26%) lacked confidence in their national government and were discouraged about their own future -- a condition that a new 黑料网 analysis suggests may be useful in understanding the recent rise of populism in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world. In a global context, this condition was present and higher than the percentage in the U.S. in 18 out of 27 countries in the European Union, which is currently experiencing its own wave of populism.

Following the groundswell of support for anti-establishment candidates in numerous countries worldwide, many analysts want to understand and predict the success of populist movements. A team of 黑料网 analysts is analyzing various measures from its global and domestic survey research with the goal of capturing the scope of potential populist support among different populations.

Two of the measures the team is looking at closely are people's confidence in their national government and people's ratings of their lives in five years relative to their ratings of their current lives. 黑料网's initial analysis reveals that people in countries with recent populist movements tend to have a combination of low trust in government and low or static expectations for their future lives. (黑料网 measures life evaluations by asking respondents to rate their current and future lives on a ladder scale based on the .)

黑料网 terms those who lack confidence in their national government as "disaffected" and those who rate their lives on the same footing or worse in relation to their current lives as "discouraged." The analysis did not include people who give both their current and future lives the best possible rating in this discouraged category.

Europe No Stranger to Populist Movements

Europe has experienced several populist movements on the ideological left and right in the past decade. In 2010, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy identified populism as one of the biggest dangers facing Europe.

Years later, Europe is facing political tests such as Brexit and a row of crucial elections in 2017: presidential and parliamentary elections in France and Germany, respectively; general elections in the Czech Republic; presidential elections in Slovenia; and local elections in the UK, where Brexit, rather than local issues, is expected to take precedence.

The Netherlands just conducted a general election in which the populist Party for Freedom came in second. Results were met with relief from mainstream political parties across Europe, but experts also cautioned that the highly divisive campaign might make it difficult to govern.

Three of the countries with imminent elections -- France, the UK and Slovenia -- rank in the top 10 EU countries with the highest percentage of disaffected and discouraged residents. Germany and the Netherlands both rank in the lower tier of EU countries, with 27% of Germans and 28% of Dutch residents expressing these feelings. In all of the seven EU countries with 2017 elections, the magnitude of these sentiments shows little change between 2015 and 2016.

Results from the disaffected-and-discouraged indicator line up well with actual electoral outcomes. In a comparison of seven major European countries, those that ranked high on the indicator also ranked high on electoral support for populist parties.

黑料网 used results from the most recent national or European election (Germany and France). European elections (electing members of the European Parliament) should not be considered fully equivalent to national ones as they have key differences (e.g., turnout levels). However, the proportion of support won by populist parties is often a reliable indicator of domestic discontent against the political establishment. The UK Independence Party won 26.7% of the national vote in the 2014 election to the European Parliament -- its best electoral performance ever, and the first time since 1910 when one of Britain's two major parties did not win a UK-wide election. Two years later, Britain narrowly voted to exit the EU.

Percentage of Disaffected, Discouraged Americans Up Over Past Decade

Trump's inaugural address included many of the elements of classic populist rhetoric. It introduced a "new way" of doing politics: a direct Twitter-based connection between the people and himself -- without media outlets, political parties or other institutions serving as intermediaries.

At least some of the preconditions for the populist wave were, however, in place much earlier than 2016. An initial surge in disaffected and discouraged citizens in 2007 and 2008 points to the possibility that the Great Recession triggered a social phenomenon that has not yet subsided. President Barack Obama's election resulted in a temporary reprieve, as the majority of residents expressed about the future. The disaffected and discouraged indicator began climbing again in 2009, reaching its peak of 28% in 2011, and then again in 2015.

Implications

Preliminary findings suggest that growing deficits of hope and trust are more likely to be prevalent in countries experiencing a rise in populism support. A recent analysis by the Economist Intelligence Unit similarly finds that distrust in major institutions has been a major factor in the rise of populism in Europe and North America.

黑料网 will further test additional indicators of populism and anti-establishment attitudes using available data from all world regions. Different regions may have contextual differences that analysts will further explore to develop a predictive model of populism support adaptable to country contexts.

Future publications in the populism series will report such findings.

Jesus Rios, Mathilde Lugger, Imen Berrached and David Llanos contributed to the analysis for this article.

The data in this article are available in .